Generic Drug Safety and Cost

Generic Drug Safety and Cost Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Generic Drug Safety and Cost By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on February 09, 2018 kali9/Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Symptoms Diagnosis In the United States, brand name medications are developed under patent protection. A drug company may spend yearsâ€"decades, evenâ€"researching and testing before bringing a new drug to market. Leaving controversies over brand-name drugs high costs aside, a manufacturers initial price for a new medication includes all the development costs it incurred for the drug. Patents on brand name drugs generally last 10 to 20 years.?? As the expiration date of the patent approaches, any drug manufacturer (including the one that produced the brand-name version) may apply for permission to produce a generic version of the medication. Companies making generic versions of medications do not have to: Do the research that was needed to create the drug in the first place;Put the drug through clinical trials; orSet up marketing campaigns for the generic drug. Eliminating these three factors from the cost of manufacturing the generic drug means that a generic can be sold at a far lower price than the brand-name version. Requirements for Generics According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), To gain FDA approval, a generic drug must: contain the same active ingredients as the innovator drug (inactive ingredients may vary)be identical in strength, dosage form, and route of administrationhave the same use indicationsbe bioequivalentmeet the same batch requirements for identity, strength, purity, and qualitybe manufactured under the same strict standards of FDAs good manufacturing practice regulations required for innovator products For a drug to be bioequivalent to its brand name counterpart, it must deliver the same amount of the active ingredient(s) in the same amount of time as the original. This does not mean that all characteristics of a generic medication are the same as the original brand name drug. A generic must not look like the original due to trademark protection. Also, inactive ingredients, flavors, fillers, and dyes may be different from the brand name medication. Problems With Generic Drugs Most of the time generic drugs are just as safe and effective as their brand-name counterparts, but problems can arise. The most common reason for difficulties with generic drugs is that the inactive ingredients or excipients are different. Epilepsy Newfoundland and Labrador, an information and advocacy organization, notes: The active ingredient that helps control your seizures is the same in both brand and generic names but the substances that are used as fillers, dyes, or binders, sometimes differ. This can occasionally make a difference in how quickly they are absorbed from your stomach or processed by your body. This may affect how much medicine you need. Some people are allergic to some excipients. In addition, a persons body may have become accustomed to the entire mix of active and inactive ingredients in one manufacturers drug, and changing the mixture evenâ€"if there is no allergy to a new ingredientâ€"may cause a change in response to the medication. Examples of problems with generics: Kimberlys pharmacy changed from one generic manufacturer to another for one of her medications. For two weeks she experienced painful gas and diarrhea while her body adjusted to the new generic.Marcias pharmacy changed her prescription from Prozac to a generic version, fluoxetine. She broke out in a rashâ€"apparently an allergic reaction to one of the excipients in the generic. Precautions You should not assume that you will have a problem when changing from brand name to generic or from one generic version of a drug to another. However, there are several steps you can take to minimize the risk of problems with generic medications, including noting the manufacturer on a list of your medication and checking the list each time you get a refill to see if the manufacturer has changed.

The Ethical Dilemma Of The Nursing Profession - 3196 Words

Introduction Although the nursing profession is based on caring for patients, there are scenarios that arise that test the nurse’s ability to make decisions that are beneficial for the patients. There can be situations that are simple and the decision is clear. However, there are scenarios that many nurses encounter that challenge their personal, professional, ethical values and principles along with addressing laws. It becomes a mental battle to decide which value and principle is the best option to base their decision for an optimal outcome. The scenario that creates an ethical dilemma is a patient named John who was admitted to the unit. He is a person with schizophrenia who has had many relapses, but they are starting to become less frequent. When he goes into a relapse he becomes paranoid and refuses to see his parents. He has written an advance directive that defines which medications he wishes to receive during his relapse, while also wanting his parents to be notified. There is a new physician on the unit that is refusing to use the medication that John has requested. She has also said that anyone who notifies his parents will have a complaint filed against them since it violates the patient’s rights to contact the parents. This scenario is an ethical dilemma because it has two choices that the nursing staff can choose. The first option is to follow the physician’s orders disregarding John’s advance directive. The second option is to follow the advance directiveShow MoreRelatedEssay on Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing Profession1648 Words   |  7 PagesNurses are faced with ethical dilemmas on a daily basis, each situation being unique and requiring the nurse to set aside their own values and beliefs in order to properly care for their patients. Situations requiring nurses to make an ethical decision are diverse and dynamic; the values set out by the College of Nurses of Ontario code of ethics remains the same. Therefore, all decision based on these vales regardless of the setting and circumstances ensure consistent solutions. The scenario involvesRead MoreThe Importance Of Acting Ethically When Working As A Nurse1318 Words   |  6 Pageshealth care practice and those working in the nursin g profession are often subject to frequent ethical dilemmas. It is essential for all nurses to be aware of the importance of ethics in health care and to practice within the ethico-legal parameters that govern the profession. However, while this is relatively easy in theory, ethics is not a black and white subject and often one’s culture, upbringing, attitudes and beliefs can influence what one views as ethical and this can therefore influence practiceRead MorePersonal Ethics974 Words   |  4 Pagescontribute to your worldview and philosophy of nursing? How do these values shape or influence your nursing practice? Ethics and values form the basis of nursing. Nurses provide nursing care by preventing illness, reducing suffering and promoting restoration of health in individuals, families, societies and communities. Nursing involves technical skills and abilities, duty and service to others with compassion and efficient decision-making. Nursing care ensures in meeting the needs of patients andRead MoreNursing Profession: The patient-nurse Relationship879 Words   |  4 Pages The nursing profession is one that provides care, collaborates with others, and provides education in a variety of different settings. I choose to work in the field of nursing to advance my career from an operating room technician to a medical-surgical nurse. I enjoy the sensation of helping others and assisting with the surgical fixation of a medical complication. The American Nurses Association (ANA) created the nursing code of ethics to ensure proper moral care, goals, values, and professionalRead MoreLegal and Ethical Issues Faced by Nurses792 Words   |  3 PagesPage 1: What primary relationships do you see between legal and ethical issues faced by nurses in their practice? How would you explain these relationships to others? As well as medical caregivers, nurses must confront some of the most serious human dilemmas all individuals muse over, such as death and dying. Nurses often deal with extreme ethical conundrums on a daily basis. These concerns include end-of-life issues, caring for an elderly or disabled relative, the proper way to raise a childRead MoreLegal an Ethical Issues in Nursing Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Ethical and Legal issues in Nursing paper Student Name: Aleyamma John, RN Course Name/Number: NUR/391 Due Date: Mar 21, 2011 Instructor Name: Dolores Martinez Nurses are facing many legal or ethical dilemmas in their career. Nurses should combine knowledge of ethical and legal aspects of health care and professional values into nursing practice. It is very essential to know what kind of dilemmas nurses may face during their profession and how they have been dealt with in theRead MorePersonal And Professional Values In Nursing1592 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophy is a statement of values and beliefs to help guide one through their career. A personal philosophy should mirror the views of the individual and help shape their work to coincide with their personal values and beliefs (Marquis Huston, 2015). Nursing is a unique career that makes nurses examine themselves and their own life in order to provide the best care for all patients. It is important for a nurse to realize their own beliefs and learn how to incorporate them into their care in order to createRead MoreEthical Principles Of Nursing Practice974 Words   |  4 PagesWhen ethic s in nursing in respect to decision making is looked upon, various key areas are taken into consideration. These key areas include the nursing values, the standards, subject ethical principles and finally the fundamental beliefs in nursing. When a reflection is made on the on the key mentioned areas, it is presumed that each of them is mainly aimed at protecting human dignity and restoring respect to patients (Bush 2007). Ethical values in nursing When looking at nursing values in regardRead MorePersonal Statement : Professional Moral Compass987 Words   |  4 Pagesvalues. My Professional Moral Compass Nursing had never been in my passion when I was younger because the image of a nurse in a white uniform holding a tray full of loaded syringes, frightened me. To me the nurses were ruthless individuals who made the children cry with injections. However a nice, gentle, and sympathetic nurse who took care of me when I was hospitalized with a foot fracture, changed my opinions about the nurses. I realized that nursing is a profession which provides care for the ailingRead MoreEthical Dilemma In Nursing1599 Words   |  7 Pageschoose between the two because both choices have their advantages and disadvantages. This is an ethical dilemma. An ethical dilemma involves morals that clash between each other, and some involve the legal aspect of the choices (Grohar- Murray). Everyone faces some sort of ethical dilemma. There are some professions that have to battle ethical dilemmas every day. Amongst those professions the nursing occupation and other healthcare related titles have to keep in mind several different laws, rules

Does Music Help Students While Studying or Doing Homework...

Introduction In recent years it’s become noticeable that students are using all different forms of music to help them while studying or doing homework. When listening to music one may notice how that person may tap their foot or drum their fingers, even though they appear to be focused on the task in front of them. The rhythm of the piece, whether it is fast or slow, causes the listener’s heartbeat to synch with it (How Music Affects Our Mood, 2014). The question however is which music to listen to. In some studies, test subjects show that the louder the music the more distracted the subjects became (Manthei, 2014). Doctor Emma Gray, a clinical psychologist in Britain, says, â€Å"If you choose the right music for the topic you are†¦show more content†¦The goal of this lab is to evaluate the effect of different music on test subjects taking math and literature tests, and see which music is the most distracting and the most helpful for subjects. . The obj ectives of this lab are to observe the effect that the pop, country, rock, and classical music have on the test subjects, and to measure the amount of problem marked wrong against the amount of problems not completed during the task. They hypothesis of the experiment is if the test subject is listening to their favorite genre of music, than the amount of problems marked wrong will be greater than if they were listening to their least favorite music. Music is said to bring back a memory or a feeling (How Music Affects Our Mood, 2014) meaning is a specific song or a similar rhythm is heard by a person, it can bring back feelings of joy or annoyance, which would either distract them or won’t effect them at all. Method First the test subjects were selected and asked to fill out their most current math and English classes and what grade they are in. Next they are asked to rate the four songs (Dark Horse by Katy Perry, Cruise by Florida Georgia Line, Bohemian Rhapsody by Queens, and Four Seasons by Antonio Vivaldi) from one to four, one being their favorite. The testing then begins. There are two worksheets for each test either math or literature, and each worksheet are tested for twoShow MoreRelatedEffective Study Methods1120 Words   |  5 Pages We, as students, are often inundated with various coursework where we are expected to study from and be prepared to perform well on any given quizzes or exams. Over the course of a student’s life, he or she eventually develops a personal study method that works best. Some people are better at establishing effective study methods, while some do not. Not one person studies exactly the same way. In terms of psychology, there are various concepts o f learning and memory that are involved in the way aRead MoreListening to Music while Studying872 Words   |  4 Pagesto music while studying. Listening to musiccould be the golden solution for your child. Students definitely need to be granted the freedom to listen music during classes. Listening to music while studying helps to keep one’s mind relaxed. It also helps in finishing work faster and in memorization. For some people, music serves as a distraction, but this does not apply for everyone. It should also be recognized that music helps keep the brain relaxed, happy, and alert(â€Å"Listening to music while youRead MoreObservation And Observation Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pagesnoted that the workers behind the cashiers were fast-paced, and worked in conjunction to minimize ordering time and keep long lines at a minimum and cater to as much people as possible. People from all different ages came to study, some ordered food while others just ordered a coffee. There was an older man right next to me reading the newspaper. On my other side, two girls were working on organic chemistry and typing on their laptops. Personally, I felt a sense of tranquility at Caffe Strada, peopleRead MoreHow Teens Can t Too Much Time On Children s Eyes889 Words   |  4 Pageslistening to music or watching videos, posting on social media or filming a music video on Musical.ly, youngsters are constantly on t heir phones every day. This is a tremendous issue because spending too much time on your device can make you lose concentration when studying or doing homework/projects. Plus, many kids stay up late watching videos/shows and playing games. But, the Shutdown App can help fix these problems. Youngsters spend too much time on their phone when they should be doing their homeworkRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1459 Words   |  6 PagesFacebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Vine. All of these sites strive to carry out two things; To inform and connect people. While â€Å"staying connected† is becoming more popular as years progress, we as a society are spending more of our time consuming this media, and as we can observe from students everywhere, education is suffering as a result of this digital revolution. Students that are actively involved in social media have consistently lower grades than their counterparts that do not use it as muchRead MoreThe Effects of Music on the Learning Process Essay example1258 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals about the different music styles on the learning process. Sometimes while I am doing my homewor k I play music and sometimes I do not. I have often wondered if I work faster or better, while working on my homework, with music or without music. Through my research I found out that music helps the brain process information which helps with the learning process. Music can affect a person’s focus and learning such as Albert Einstein, who played the violin. Music was the key that helped AlbertRead MoreThe role of computers1002 Words   |  5 Pagesexplore each application to determine whether it exemplifies one or more of those problems. Computers have affected the life of so many people by taking their job. The reason for this matter is that it is cheaper and easier to use a computer for doing a job rather than using humans. Computers can work faster, longer and more accurate. They only need a little bit of attention (e.g. monthly repair) to get the job done, whereas humans need food, energy, a good stage of mind and physical ability. AccordingRead MoreMobile Phones : An Important Part Of College And University Life1119 Words   |  5 Pagescomplete your daily tasks. Research suggests that students are still using their mobile phones inside the classroom, despite very particular and strict rules from doing so (Tindell Bohlander, 2012). As the industry of technology still continues its rapid growth, a mobile device does appear to be helpful for students to use in their learning environment, contributing to individual academic performance. Meaning, that a mobile phone gives students the instant access to something t hey will be ableRead MoreMy First Time in the Student Loung779 Words   |  4 PagesMy First Time in the Student Lounge When I first stepped into the student lounge I noticed that there were many activities for students. There were computers for students to access the Internet, places for students to sit, and a coffee shop that put out a wonderful aroma throughout the student lounge. As I looked around, I saw people studying and reading books. Most of them all had some sort of beverage in their hands, and they seemed very relaxed. In the student lounge, there are plenty ofRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1271 Words   |  6 Pagesnot we need it. Social media in today’s world can have its pros and cons. Pros being helping students being able to contact each other with peers, connecting with family members who don’t live near you, know about breaking news faster, law enforcements uses it to catch criminals faster. Then the other side is cons, Social media enables to spread easier false information, lack of privacy, causes students to have lower grades and it’s more of a waste of time if being used too much. The number one social

Dead Man Walking How the Death Penalty is totally Biased Free Essays

My position on the death penalty is that it is completely unfair and an unjust system. Throughout the whole novel we learn how the death penalty was strictly enforced more in the south than in any other part of the nation. The worst part of this was that it was most rigorously used against people who killed â€Å"white† people. We will write a custom essay sample on Dead Man Walking: How the Death Penalty is totally Biased or any similar topic only for you Order Now The death penalty was a system that was racial and also socioeconomic biased, making it totally unfair and one-sided. In a state that had the highest misery stats in the nation, it was pretty expensive to afford a well-prepared lawyer. By not having a well-prepared lawyer you had to rely on public defenders which usually had many clients to defend that made it impossible to interview inmates before trials, much less do time-consuming investigations that capital cases required; thus the reason why ninety-nine percent of death-row inmates were poor. The government had basically created two types of separate, unjust legal systems: one for the rich, in which everything was put into consideration, every opinion was heard, and where you could buy your freedom; and one for the rich, in which hasty guilty pleas and brief hearings are the rule and appeals are the exceptions. Read this â€Å"The Secrets of Haiti’s Living Dead† Racism was a very big part of this penal system. As both Prejean and Farmer pointed out in the novel, the death penalty biased people who committed murders against white people and that in the south nine times out of ten when the death penalty is sought it’s because the victim is â€Å"white†. Around seventy-five percent of death-row inmates were there for killing â€Å"whites†. Even the Supreme Court acknowledged, in McCleskey vs. Kemp (1987), that there exists racial bias in capital sentencing and that killers of â€Å"whites† are more likely to receive the death penalty than killers of â€Å"blacks†. These are the type of things that made this system prejudice towards â€Å"blacks†, not only that but it also demoralized their life. Throughout the novel Prejean strives to do the opposite of what society is doing to these men, which is humanize them. The humanization of both Willie and Sonnier actually made my stance against the death penalty a lot stronger. It just shows that not everyone is perfect and no matter how big or small everyone will have flaws. I do agree with punishment but it doesn’t give the government the right to choose whether you live or die. How to cite Dead Man Walking: How the Death Penalty is totally Biased, Papers

The Scapegoat of Puritanical Society Hawthornes free essay sample

AlanMichael Sonuyi Mrs. Dickinson English Ill AP 12 November 2013 The Scapegoat of Puritanical Society Through his condescending tone towards the early contemporary American past, Nathaniel Hawthorne exposes many hidden truths previously unknown during the time of the Salem witch trials. Hawthorne, in his novella of The Scarlet Letter, highlights the woman-like frailty of Hester Prynne as she undergoes public ignominy. Hester is portrayed to be the Romantic hero as Hawthorne illustrates the side of Hester that longs to return to the once innocent maiden she was in England. During the span of seven years the readers can see the transformation of Hester, as time and nature heal the wounds inflicted by 17th century Puritan society as a whole. Hawthorne opens up his novella depicting the grimness of the setting. Hawthorne illustrates the heavily timbered with oak and iron spiked door (39) to send an overbearing image to the readers so that the sad-coloured garments and bearded throng of men (39) are more apt for the scene. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scapegoat of Puritanical Society: Hawthornes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hawthornes purpose of setting up a solemn exposition of the Puritan community is to expose the readers to the already egative side of the rigid commune. Hawthornes indirect purpose of the initial setting is to contrast societys cohesive character from the individuality that Hester exerts. Hawthorne wants everyone to see the lack of moral values that a society has when not one of its individuals has a sense of uniqueness. The Good wives sit idle near the Prison Lane (40) only to give Hester their scorn. One of the wives, a hard dame of fifty, (41), exclaims that she [Hester] has brought shame upon us all, and ought to die for it (42). The fact that the wives of the community show such a high evel of contempt towards Hester when they have not even seen her yet proves Just how quick to Judge the Puritan society was. However, the most convincing proof of the communes harsh wrath comes when a man passing by overhears and comments on the wives foul remarks. Mercy on us good wife, pleads the stranger, that is the hardest word yet! Hush (41). The Good wives represent the Puritan society as a whole because these women are the most secure in their society. These women lead Christian lives where they have husbands, children, and abide by the way of the ord- all of which are things that entrap them in societys grip. The fact that a stranger could stand up and tell the already anchored women of this Puritan settlement that their words were harsh depicts the magnitude of their lack in empathy. Also, the fact that the women are criticizing one of their own sisters in Christ during a time of need when the situated governors and men deem fit illustrates the low level of authority that women of this period exerted compared to their counterparts in our latter modern day. After Hawthorne makes known his disdain for the Puritans and their unbending eason for censure of the religiously rooted society. Hawthorne draws pity from his intended audience when they see Hesters internal conflict. Hester undergoes a tremendous amount of suffering when she, the woman of perfect elegance, converts her agony to a haughty demeanor (45). Secretly, Hester suffers agony in every footstep as if her heart was flung into the street when she boldly approaches the scaffold (45). The fact that Hawthorne describes Hester with such awe and reverent respect shows that Hester was once admired in the community but uddenly became displaced. Hesters indiscreet betrayal by her people illustrates how dysfunctional the Puritan commune was. In fact, the society was so dysfunctional that Hesters torment gave the youthful schoolboys a half-holiday (44). Even though the youth had little understanding of Hesters predicament, they still enjoyed watching her struggle with the cumbersome scarlet letter on her bosom. Hawthorne places the Puritan children in the scene to indicate the oppression that the Puritan society put forth to any kind of distinctiveness. The fact that mere children were llowed to mock Hester in the midst of adults without receiving any kind of unusual punishment signifies the callous tendency that the Puritan society blatantly displayed towards human transgression. Although Hester committed a sin, the fact that Hester undergoes so much pain from alienation and earthly scorn instead from purely Gods judgment is contrary to many Christian beliefs; for the wrath of God comes solely from heaven and vengeance is mine [God] (Romans 1:18). In fact, even the poor and the wretched rebuke Hester, with her hands full of labor, (79) as she does her best o provide for them with the little that she has. The poor, thought to be the most positively impacted by Hesters good deeds, readily bit the hand that fed them. Ultimately, Hester, without a friend on earth and incurring no risk of want, (Hawthorne 64) gives up so much that she renounces her greatest attribute of all being a full and complete woman. While Hesters keen eye for luxurious things is still evident, that is the only thing that Hester is allowed to exert as a woman. Hesters rich and luxuriant hair, the sole symbol that characterizes her feminineness, has een hidden by a cap (125) † unable to be cleansed by the suns merciful rays. Although Hester uses needlework to fill the empty void that ridicule and societal pressure brought upon her, she forgets that at any moment, she could become a woman again with the magic touch to effect the transformation (125). But Hester, wanting to accept her punishment on earth, (69) relieves herself from all earthly desires such as intimate relationships with others and a voice within her community all in the name of atoning for her ignominy. Hawthorne promotes Hester as the Romantic hero to serve primarily as the trophy for public ignominy. Even though the Puritan society was heavily plagued by sin and private corruption, Hawthorne exposes all of those faults through putting Hesters sole transgression out for all to see. Hawthorne also uses Hester to illustrate to the readers the situational irony of how un-God like the Puritan commune was even though its own settlers claimed to live and breathe in the word of God. Hawthorne bestows upon Hester, an uncanny ability to sense the sins of those in her Puritan community. In fact, Hester is aware hen peoples sins are as dark as her own (132).

Netflix Internet Marketing

Netflix Internet Marketing Introduction The internet is an information superhighway that has virtually transformed traditional practices in all sectors throughout the globe. One area that has adopted and integrated internet capabilities is marketing. Organizations are now able to create awareness of their products or services without facing physical challenges because of the internet. This paper analyzes internet marketing at Netflix. Netflix is one of the world’s leading media and entertainment companies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Netflix Internet Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Internet Marketing Possibilities for Netflix Netflix is a global leader in as far as internet television network is concerned. Viewers from all parts of the globe are able to stream video content from Netflix’s website and enjoy their desired movies without facing challenges caused by physical barriers, such as distance or limited DV Ds (Nash, 2004). The company has worked towards securing and maintaining partnerships with significant industry players, including Walt Disney, Paramount, as well as Warner Bros. Such arrangements that enable the company to work in collaboration with television and movie producer provide an opportunity for the firm to have a wider selection of content. In turn, this wide content has enabled Netflix to attract a huge global customer base of 33 million, with the numbers still growing (Overview, n.d.). To further increase its internet marketing performance, Netflix has tackled government policies, such as The Video Privacy Protection Act whose existence denied video tape service providers of disclosing information about the customer without obtaining the latter’s consent (Wade, 2010). This has led to the modernization of the VPPA, thus providing Netflix members with the freedom to share movies that they have streamed with friends through online social platforms like Facebook. Th is new development is significant in enabling Netflix to grow its business and customers as the sharing of content by users on social websites captures an even wider audience. The users assist Netflix in marketing the company to other potential users of the service. With the advent of smartphone technology, Netflix has ventured into the mobile world through a launch of its own application in order to enhance its internet marketing even further. Mobile phone users who are subscribers of the Netflix streaming services can view movies and television episodes by streaming the content through their hand held devices. The Netflix application is available on both Android and iOs mobile platforms and it provides quality service to the users. This helps the company to grow its subscriber base and increase its revenue because smartphones are continuously growing in popularity (Williams, 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Internet marketing capabilities have influenced Netflix’s decision to open a production company. This new venture works differently from the traditional television shows in the sense that it provides the episodes immediately after release, instead of waiting for fixed intervals of time. This will enable Netflix to release more shows that are originally produced and avail them to the market via its internet TV platform. Conclusion Netflix uses the numerous capabilities of the internet to market its services. Users subscribe for the services and stream media content from Netflix’s website. The global outreach has seen the company create a customer base of close to 33 million, with the numbers still on the rise. Netflix has availed its services for the mobile phone users through the Netflix application that is supported on both Android, as well as iOS platforms. Users can also share video content via social online platfo rms, such as Facebook, thereby allowing the company to reach a wider customer base. References Nash, K. S. (2004). Box-office star: DVD renter Netflix uses customer-tracking software and elbow grease to keep the crowds coming. Baseline, 1(26), 57-57 Overview. (n.d.). Netflix. Retrieved from ir.netflix.com/ Wade, A. E. (2010). A new age of privacy protection: a proposal for an international personal data privacy treaty. The George Washington International Law Review, 42(3), 659-685. Williams, J. L. (2012). Learning HTML5 game programming: A hands-on guide to building online games using Canvas, SVG, and WebGL. Boston, MA: PearsonAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Netflix Internet Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

THe Windover Bog Site, an Archaic Pond Cemetery

THe Windover Bog Site, an Archaic Pond Cemetery Windover Bog (and sometimes known as Windover Pond) was a pond cemetery for hunter-gatherers, people who lived hunting game and gathering vegetable material between about 8120-6990 years ago. The burials were staked down in the soft mud of the pond, and over the years at least 168 people were buried there, men, women, and children. Today that pond is a peat bog, and preservation in peat bogs can be quite astonishing. While the burials at Windover were not as well preserved as those of European  bog bodies, 91 of the individuals buried contained bits of brain matter still intact enough for scientists to retrieve DNA. Perishable Artifacts of Middle Archaic Most interesting, however, is the recovery of 87 samples of weaving, basketry, woodworking and clothing, providing us more information on the perishable artifacts of Middle Archaic people in the American southeast than archaeologists ever dreamed possible. Four kinds of close twining, one kind of open twining, and one type of plaiting can be seen in the mats, bags, and basketry recovered from the site. Clothing woven by the inhabitants of Windover Bog on looms included hoods and burial shrouds, as well as some fitted clothing and many rectangular or squarish clothing articles. While the perishable fiber plaits from Windover Bog are not the oldest found in the Americas, the textiles are the oldest woven materials found to date, and together they broaden our understanding of what the Archaic lifestyle was truly like. DNA and Windover Burials Although scientists believed they had retrieved DNA from the fairly intact brain matter recovered from some of the human burials, subsequent research has shown that the mtDNA lineages reported are absent in all other prehistoric and contemporary Native American populations studied to date. Further attempts to retrieve more DNA have failed, and an amplification study has shown that there is no analyzable DNA left in the Windover burials. In 2011, researchers (Stojanowski et al) studied dental variation characteristics on teeth from Windover Pond (and Buckeye Knoll in Texas) that at least three of the individuals buried there had projections on incisors called talon cusps or an enlarged tuberculum dentale. Talon cusps are a rare trait globally  but are more common in the western hemisphere than elsewhere. Those at Windover Pond and Buckeye Knoll are the oldest found in the Americas to date, and the second oldest in the world (the oldest is Gobero, Niger, at 9,500 cal BP). Sources This article is a part of the About.com Guide to American Archaic Period, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. Adovasio JM, Andrews RL, Hyland DC, and Illingworth JS. 2001. Perishable industries from the Windover Bog: An unexpected window into the Florida archaic. North American Archaeologist 22(1):1-90. Kemp BM, Monroe C, and Smith DG. 2006. Repeat silica extraction: a simple technique for the removal of PCR inhibitors from DNA extracts. Journal of Archaeological Science 33(12):1680-1689. Moore CR, and Schmidt CW. 2009. Paleoindian And Early Archaic Organic Technologies: A Review And Analysis. North American Archaeologist 30(1):57-86. Rothschild BM, and Woods RJ. 1993. Possible implications of paleopathology for early archaic migrations: Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Journal of Paleopathology 5(1):5-15. Stojanowski CM, Johnson KM, Doran GH, and Ricklis RA. 2011. Talon cusp from two archaic period cemeteries in North America: Implications for comparative evolutionary morphology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144(3):411-420. Tomczak PD, and Powell JF. 2003. Postmarital Residence Patterns in the Windover Population: Sex-Based Dental Variation as an Indicator of Patrilocality. American Antiquity 68(1):93-108. Tuross N, Fogel ML, Newsom L, and Doran GH. 1994. Subsistence in the Florida Archaic: The stable-isotope and archaeobotanical evidence from the Windover site. American Antiquity 59(2):288-303.