The Fourth Amendment Of The Constitution - 1107 Words

The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution was ratified in 1791 and is an important amendment in the Bill of Rights. The Fourth Amendment is â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (Charles Wetterer). The issue of searching and seizing first originated in Britain in the mid-1700’s where British officers had general warrants to search citizens. While this became an issue for citizens in Britain, it became apparent also in the colonies where British soldiers were searching with only general warrants. Many citizens believed it was an invasion of privacy. So after independence from Britain, and the failure of the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution was produced. George Mason , an important political figure in Virginia, had written the Virginia Declaration of Rights, and he and other delegates believed the primary purpose of the government was to protect the rights of its citizens. To further that, he believed citizens had the right to be secure from unlawful searches and seizures. Once the idea of the Bill of Rights came into play, the Fourth Amendment was also created. The Fourth Amendment actually guarantees two things: You cannot search or seize unless you have a warrant and aShow MoreRelatedThe Fourth Amendment Of The Constitution1365 Words   |  6 Pages Homework 1 1. The Fourth Amendment of the U.S Constitution says, â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by OathRead MoreFourth Amendment Of Us Constitution1654 Words   |  7 Pages1) Fourth Amendment of Us constitution provides the following: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or afï ¬ rmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Explanation: Hence the above statement says that Constitution provides the privacy to the citizens andRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Of The U.s. Constitution1332 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides, [t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. The ultimate goal of this provision is to protect people’s right to privacy and freedom from arbitrary governmentalRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Of Us Constitution1241 Words   |  5 Pages 1) Fourth Amendment of Us constitution provides the following: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or afï ¬ rmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Explanation: Hence the above statement says that Constitution provides the privacy to the citizensRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Of The Us Constitution929 Words   |  4 Pagesunconstitutional. The Fourth Amendment of the US Constitution protects its citizens by giving â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures† (U.S. Const., amend. IV). This amendment aims to prevent officers from conducting random searches of a citizens’ property and aims to give them a reasonable expectation of privacy. Some searches such as a dog sniff inspection are also invalid under the fourth amendment. This is becauseRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Of The United States Constitution1327 Words   |  6 PagesThe fourth amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights, and was introduced to Congress by James Madison in 1789. The role of the Fourth Amendment is to prohibit unreasonable search and seizure and a warrant is to be required that is supported by probable cause. Even though the Amendment was introduced in 1789, it wasn’t adopted as an official amendment until 1792, because in December of 1791 three quarters of the states had ratified the amendment. The fourth amendmentRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Of The United States Constitution1747 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution applies to a person and their home by providing protection against unreasonable seizures and searches. While it provides protection, not every s earch and seizure can be deemed unreasonable unless it is classified as per the law, by determining whether there was: a) the level of intrusion of the individuals Fourth Amendment, and b) whether or not it pertains to the government’s interest, such as safety of the public. The right to protectionRead MoreFourth Amendment Of United States Constitution1139 Words   |  5 Pages– 1 Somalaraju Sateesh Kumar Raju 700628655 1. Fourth amendment of United States Constitution protects people from being undergone unwarranted searches and prevent their things from being taken away by authorities without proper authorization. If any government official or agent want to search an individual or their belongings, they should have proper reason to do that and get permission from the judge. Fourth amendment of United States constitution states that it is â€Å"the right of the people to beRead MoreFourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments to the Constitution Essay887 Words   |  4 PagesCJL 4064 Amendment Project As requested by the committee chair, I have examined the 4th, 5th, and 6th Amendments of our Constitution. It is imperative for the participants of the Constitutional Convention to update, and furthermore, enhance the Bill of Rights. The amendments were created with a valuable perspective on individual rights in the 1700s. Today, in 2010, our country has developed in the use of language, our principles, and our overall society. After close examination of theRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Under The Constitution Prohibits Unreasonable Searches And Seizures1121 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fourth Amendment under the Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. Katz v. U.S., 389 U.S. 353 (1967). The general rule under the Fourth Amendment requires a search warrant to be obtained before a search. Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2482 (2014). However, a search without a warrant may be reasonable if it falls within an exception to the warrant requirement. Id. at 2482. Some exceptions that have been argued in drunk driving cases are â€Å"exigent circumstances† and â€Å"search-incident-to-arrest

The Creation Of Walkable Communities Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(117) " with engagement in non motorised travel \( Brown et al, 2009 ; Frank et Al, 2004 ; Barton, 1995 ; Rundle, 2007 \) \." Methods – With control over neighbourhood location and want through sample pick, the analysis maps primary informations through observation, and secondary informations of official statistics from the Office of National Statistics, to compare the denseness, design and diverseness of two vicinities in Leeds, England. Consequences – Consistent differences in degrees of walkability were found between the vicinities, the most positive and walkable environment holding the lowest resident fleshiness rates. Conclusion – The consequences of analysis promote the demand of making walkable communities to better wellness and encourage sustainability within local vicinities. We will write a custom essay sample on The Creation Of Walkable Communities Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Further research at a more personal degree with the occupants is required to place the most effectual path of making a walkable environment, whether it is through service denseness, diverseness or prosaic friendly design. Introduction The Foresight Report compiled by the Government Office for Science states the four chief causes for fleshiness as being Biology, Impact of early life and growing forms, Behaviour, and the Living Environment, with the life environment besides playing an influence under the rubric of behavior ( 2007, pp.43-54 ) . With research demoing that ‘by 2050, 60 % of males and 50 % of females could be corpulent ‘ ( Foresight, 2007 ) , there is an immediate demand for alterations in the environment to ‘promote self-generated instead than sports-related or calculated physical activity ‘ ( Townshend et al, 2010 ) . Numerous surveies have been carried out researching the relationship between fleshiness, BMI, Physical activity and the built environment, utilizing assorted types of informations and methods of analysis. A big per centum of surveies found positive correlativity between walkable communities and lower degrees of fleshiness and/or rates of BMI ( Saelens et al, 2003 ; Van Dyck et Al, 2009b ; Frank et Al, 2006 ; Frank et Al, 2005 ; Frank et Al, 2007 ; Brian et Al, 2003 ; Heinrich et Al, 2008 ) . A smaller per centum found no direct positive correlativity between walkability and degrees of fleshiness or BMI ( Van Dyck et Al, 2009a ; Giles-Cortia and Donovan, 2002 ) but found positive relationships such as between high degrees of auto usage and the likeliness of fleshiness, ( Frank et al, 2004 ) , and the correlativity between an environments aesthetics and physical activity ( Humpel et al, 2004 ) . Methods Design Fig. 1Previous research has used varied attacks to specifying and mensurating a neighbourhoods walkability, looking at perceived envrionmental properties ( Humpel et al, .2004 ) , entree to services ( Elkin et al, 1991 cited in Jenks et al,1996, pp.182 ) , safety ( Gomez et al, 2004 ) and entree to green countries ( Nielsen and Bruun, 2007 ) amongst others. This survey will utilize the 3 D ‘s, an analysis of population denseness, prosaic friendly design, and diverseness, as seen in plants by Cervero and Kockelman ( 1997 ) , Cathleen et Al ( 2009 ) and Frank et Al ( 2005 ) . Townshend et Al ( 2010, pp.22 ) besides supports this attack by specifying walkability as ‘the extent to which walking is supported in an country through†¦ well-connected street webs with a assortment of land utilizations and higher densenesss ‘ From the Office of National Statistics I have chosen two Middle Layer Super Output Areas, Leeds 082 and Leeds 053. These datasets cover the Outer Ci ty Centre vicinities of Holbeck and Harehills severally. The old ages in which the information was collected scope from 2005 – 2010, with the travel type and distances to work datasets being the exclusion, taken from 2001. Sample Previous research and statistics highlighted degrees of want ( Heinrich et al, 2008 ; Morland et Al, 2001 ) , distance to the closest metropolis Centre, ethnicity ( Zhang and Wang, 2004 ) , and population turnover as cardinal influences on walkability, all of which are controlled through vicinity pick. Both countries are ranked in the lowest 10 % in the state by the index of multiple want. Fig.1 shows that both countries are within the 5km distance to Leeds City Centre deemed by Barton ( 1995 pp.116 ) as indispensable to promote cycling and usage of public conveyance whilst sing the metropolis. Based on the UK Census 2001, both countries have a varied mix of occupant ethnicities, shown in Table.1. Statisticss from 2001 to 2008 set up that Holbeck and Harehills have average population turnovers per 1000 occupants of -25 and -43 severally, both demoing a chiefly negative rate over the 7 twelvemonth period. The Office of National Statistics found, in 2003 – 2005, Holbeck ‘s Model Based Estimate for Obesity was 23.9 % , and Harehill ‘s was 19.9 % . With a reasonably important difference in rates of fleshiness, the survey, with the above mentioned controls, gives the analysis and consequences, associating to denseness, diverseness and design, a stronger relationship and influence over the rates of fleshiness. *Data from Office for National Statistics, 2001 Measures Population Density Residential denseness has been found to hold a strong nexus with the denseness of services available, with higher residential denseness ensuing in higher densenesss of services and comfortss which in bend creates a more walkable environment ( Frank ( 2003, pp.101, cited in Townshend et Al, 2010, pp.22 ; Ewing et Al, 2003 ; Rundle, 2007 ; Pendola and Gen, 2007 ) . Population denseness has been calculated utilizing the resident population in 2009 per hectare of the defined MLSOA boundary. Barton ( 1995 ) supports this step as it has been found ‘people per hectare is the cardinal step of denseness when sing the viability of public conveyance and local services ‘ . Density of services will be analysed utilizing function and observation techniques to analyze spread and entree in concurrence to the countries of residential belongingss. Pedestrian Friendly Design Quality of waies, connectivity and the presence of prosaic crossings has had mixed consequences when compared to general walkability of an country and its relationship with fleshiness and BMI, both negative ( Rundle, 2007 ) and positive ( saelens et Al, 2003, pp.80-91 cited in Booth et Al, 2005 ; Heinrick, 2008 ) . This survey uses observation and function to turn up characteristics and comparison with location of installations, services and lodging within the MLSOA boundary. Diverseness This survey maps the scope of installations available in each defined vicinity in relationship to countries of abode. Diverseness of installations has been shown to hold a strong relationship with engagement in non motorised travel ( Brown et al, 2009 ; Frank et Al, 2004 ; Barton, 1995 ; Rundle, 2007 ) . You read "The Creation Of Walkable Communities Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Research besides been undertaken to analyze rates of fleshiness and/or BMI with relationship to the type of nutrient services that are available ( Zick et al,2009 ) , and manner of travel to work ( Pendola and Gen,2007 ; Cerin et Al, 2007 ) , which this survey will besides analyze. Analysis Density Photo. 1, Own Image, High denseness lodging, HolbeckStatistics show that the Holbeck MLSOA has a resident denseness of 34 individuals per hectare, and Harehills as holding a much higher denseness of 147 individuals per hectare. Due to the larger boundary set by the Holbeck MLSOA, it includes a big country of industry to the North, which has influenced the significantly lower rate than Harehills. Upon looking into the informations provided for the Lower Layer Super Output Area of Leeds 082C, within the Leeds 082 MLSOA, the occupant denseness is 127 people per hectare, of big unsimilarity to the earlier found denseness rate. This is due to the LLSOA boundary incorporating merely the South country of Holbeck, where the services and lodging can chiefly be found. Barton ( 1995 ) gives a usher of 100 people per hectare as a upper limit for vicinities, saying that 100pph will ‘permit a broad assortment of brooding and garden size ‘ every bit good as being a cardinal denseness wh en ‘considering the viability of public conveyance and of local services ‘ . Any higher than this and it can be assumed that unfastened infinite in the country will be jeopardised which in its ego has been found to be damaging to wellness ( Nielsen,2007 ) . Evidence shows the residential countries of Holbeck and Harehills are over populated, and to make a walkable environment for this degree of denseness at that place needs to be a big mix and Google – Map informations, 2010, Tele Atlas North America, Inc [ online ] Available at A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.uk A ; gt ; [ Accessed 22 December 2010 ] denseness of services on offer to prolong the local community. Fig. 2 Google – Map informations, 2010, Tele Atlas North America, Inc [ online ] Available at A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.uk A ; gt ; [ Accessed 22 December 2010 ] Fig. 3 Google – Map informations, 2010, Tele Atlas North America, Inc [ online ] Available at A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.uk A ; gt ; [ Accessed 22 December 2010 ] Fig. 4 Fig. 5ig.2 and Fig.3 show the defined MLSOA ‘s of Holbeck and Harehills severally. Highlighted with the ruddy circles are the centre points of the chief lodging groups, the outer ruddy circle rim represents a radius, from the Centre points, of 400 meters, the journey distance at which Barton ( 1995 ) states it is more like occupants will walk or rhythm instead than utilize a auto. Both vicinities clearly show installations are available within this 400m radius, Holbeck ‘s services at a visibly more sporadic and lower denseness than Harehills. The clear additive bunch of services in Harehills is associated with a more encouraging High Street manner walkable environment, offering easiness of entree and the ‘opportunity for multipurpose trips ‘ ( Cervero, 1990 cited in Barton, 1995 ) . Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 – Google – Map informations, 2010, Tele Atlas North America, Inc [ online ] Available at A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.uk A ; gt ; [ Accessed 22 December 2010 ] The Department for Communities and Local Government ( 2001 ) provinces in the Planning Policy Guidance 13: Conveyance, that for sustainable conveyance design it is of import to ‘concentrate higher denseness residential developments near public conveyance Centres, or alongside corridors good served by public conveyance ( or with the possible to be served ) and close to local installations ‘ . Fig.5 shows a clear presentation of defined bunchs of assorted services along the additive coach paths. Fig.4 shows how, although Holbecks chief bunchs are non every bit lineated as Harehills, the bulk do fall beside the coach paths and chief prosaic paths. Google – Map informations, 2010, Tele Atlas North America, Inc [ online ] Available at A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.uk A ; gt ; [ Accessed 22 December 2010 ] Fig. 6 Google – Map informations, 2010, Tele Atlas North America, Inc [ online ] Available at A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.uk A ; gt ; [ Accessed 22 December 2010 ] Fig. 7 Pedestrian friendly design Photo. 2, Own Image, Pedestrian traversing on chief street, HarehillsFig. 6 and Fig. 7 show the function of prosaic friendly design characteristics within the MLSOA ‘s of Holbeck and Harehills severally. Holbeck has a sum of 44 prosaic friendly characteristics, with a higher assortment than Harehills but a surprisingly low sum due to the larger country mapped. Harehills has a sum of 55. Harehills higher denseness and the location of characteristics provide a safer and more significant path through the country, the bulk in the countries of high activity. Holbeck has limited crossings in the countries with higher activity, particularly around the cardinal bunch where the chief route has high volumes of traffic. The lone pronounced rhythm paths from both vicinities were found in Holbeck, supplying entree to the chief shopping bunch in the South. The chief lodging countries within Holbeck is situated good within the cyclist penchant of 5km distance to the metropolis Centre ( Barton , 1995 ) , as mentioned earlier, nevertheless merely one little rhythm path was found in the North and so small has been done to take advantage of this premier location, likewise with the deficiency of prosaic crossings and safety characteristics along the path. Fig.11 Fig.8 Diverseness Fig.8 to Fig.13, and Fig.14 to Fig. 19 map the concerns and services in the country of Holbeck and Harehills severally. Businesss have been grouped into six classs, each analysed below. On survey of the public services maps ( Fig 8 and Fig.14 ) Harehills has a higher sum of public services and a bigger conurbation making within the chief lodging countries, with Holbeck ‘s public services chiefly in the chief bunch countries. The drama and diversion map ( Fig.9 ) identifies that Holbeck provides countries of diversion for each chief lodging group. Harehill ‘s ( Fig.15 ) merely has one country of diversion within the boundary, which may be detering for many occupants to walk at that place. Fig 10 and Fig.16 highlight specialist stores and vesture stores. Harehills has a broad scope of specializer stores and vesture stores, cut downing the necessity to go elsewhere for most twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours points. Holbeck had important deficiency of specializer stores in figure and assortment. This deficiency in diverseness would promote public and private motorised travel to the nearest shopping countries, with the southernmost residential country holding a wider assortment of stores but is out of the 400m radius of the two other residential countries. Photo. 3, Own Image, hapless rhythm path, HolbeckFig.11 shows there are a important scope of industries and offices throughout Holbeck, with a big sum in close propinquity to the chief residential countries, offering employment chances within walking or cycling distance. Statisticss from the Office of National Statistics shows that in 2001, of 2308 occupants in employment in Holbeck, 458, 19.85 % walked to work, and 45, 1.9 % cycled. Statisticss besides showed that 1624 occupants worked less than 5km ‘s from place. If we take 5km ‘s as the maximal distance people are willing to rhythm ( Barton, 1995, pp.116 ) , we can presume that 45 people out of 1624, 2.8 % , of those within a comfy cycling distance really rhythm to work. This per centum is low, nevertheless there are many factors which could act upon this. Barton ( 2000, pp. 223 ) stated that there are two factors that can deter people from cycling, ‘safety and security ‘ . Pedestrian friendly design plays a big factor, with the found deficiency of cycling paths doing the journey insecure, nevertheless the sample country is likely non to cover everyone ‘s way to work and so may non be a clear representation of this. Multiple want can besides be a big factor, and with Holbeck and Harehills being in the lowest 10 % it is likely that the monetary value of buying a motorcycle and the feeling of the demand to protect against larceny of the motorcycle in the country will besides play a big influence on the statistics. Harehills statistics from 2001 show similar rates of walking and cycling to work, out of 2169 people in employment, 404, 18.6 % walked to work and 31, 1.4 % cycled. Fig.17 shows a significantly smaller sum of industry in Harehills in comparing to Holbeck, this will significantly cut down employment rates in the locality. Interestingly, 1471 work less than 5km ‘s from place, similar findings to those in Holbeck, with the premise of about 2.1 % of those working within 5km ‘s of place cycling to work. It ‘s clear that the hapless quality and sum of rhythm paths and degrees of want have a big consequence over these findings. Photo. 4, Own Image, Example of closed concern, HolbeckFig.12 and Fig.18 show the vacant concerns in the countries. Both vicinities show a tendency of the vacant concerns bing in the chief residential countries, which is common with the current be aftering tendency of centralizing services and installations by replacing little stores, amongst other installations, with fewer larger services and installations in a more centralized place ( Barton, 2000 ) . Fig.13 and Fig.19 map the local nutrient environment. For the intent of the survey, food market stores were defined by their proviso of a broad scope of healthy fresh green goods, so little convenience shops were non included. A big scope of surveies have been carried out in this country, with a little bulk of findings reasoning that the closer occupants are in propinquity to a store selling healthier green goods, the healthier their dietetic consumption or the lower their weight ( Powell et al, 2007 ; Morland et al,2002 ; Morland et Al, 2006, all cited in Lovasia et Al, 2009, pp. 9 ) . A figure of surveies besides linked deprived countries and their likeliness of holding more fast nutrient mercantile establishments, with equal positive ( Cummins et Al, 2005 ) and negative ( Macintyre, 2005 ) findings. Holbeck has a similar sum of fast nutrient mercantile establishments as Harehills, but a significantly lower sum of mercantile establishments supplying healthier fresh green goods. Har ehills has more mercantile establishments selling healthier green goods than fast nutrient, with an even spread throughout the country. It may be assumed that occupants of Harehills eat healthier due to higher entree to healthier nutrients, nevertheless there is still a high rate of fast nutrient mercantile establishments to act upon their pick. With merely a little bulk of surveies associating a healthier nutrient environment to healthier diets and lower weights, it would be difficult to presume it has a big influence over fleshiness rates without farther survey in this country. Decision The analysis of the 3 D ‘s and their consequence upon walkability found more positives with respects to making a walkable environment in the MLSOA of Harehills than that of Holbeck. As discussed earlier in the survey, the built environment and its control of physical activity has a big influence on a individuals likeliness of being corpulent ( Foresight, 2007 ) . This fact combined with the nature of the survey being at vicinity degree, it can be assumed that the analysis demoing that Harehill ‘s is a by and large more walkable community is a factor that effects the 4 % lower rate of fleshiness. Previous surveies of the 3 D ‘s found varied consequences as to which factor was the most influential on rates of fleshiness, BMI and/or physical activity. To reason which is the most influential factor within Harehill ‘s and Holbeck would necessitate farther survey. Participant studies to derive more personal information about the occupants and their activity would be good in reasoning this. The decrease of the usage of private motorised conveyance through making walkable communities necessarily consequences in a decrease of the pollution that these vehicles produce. The constructs behind the creative activity of a walkable country are outstanding in the construct of making a Compact City, a sustainable metropolis design. As outlined by Jenks ( 1996 ) , the two dominant motivations for making a Compact City are ‘global warming†¦ ..and the loss of unfastened countryside to urban usage ‘ . It shows how higher denseness life will cut down the demand for travel which is ‘the fastest turning and least controlled subscriber to planetary heating ‘ . With sustainability at the head of most contrivers, developers and designers work, the building of walkable communities are fast going integrated into the building of new sustainable developments and sustainable regenerations of bing vicinities, whether intended or non. Limits The analysis standard and attack could be applied to other countries, but with certain bounds as set out in this survey. First, consequences may change with respects to try size. The 3 D ‘s signifier of analysis was chosen due to its old usage in similar sized countries. Its analysis and consequences are most conclusive when used at this sample size, therefore a more appropriate signifier of analysis would necessitate to be considered for larger or smaller countries. The control of propinquity to a major metropolis or town Centres and degrees of want were of import as mentioned throughout the survey. Due to the impact fluctuations in this country can hold a upon walkability in a vicinity, the same restraints are encouraged in any farther research documents with the attack taken in this survey. How to cite The Creation Of Walkable Communities Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Personal Narrative Old Photo Albums Essay Example For Students

Personal Narrative Old Photo Albums Essay It is always a pleasure to dig up the family photo-album, and reminisce once in a while. Nostalgia trips, if not done too often, can be quite refreshing. The first page of the album contains some photographs of my parents just after their wedding. They were both young, and my mother looked exceptionally beautiful. My father was slim and handsome. Compared to what they are now, twenty odd years later, the difference is startling. My mother now is about twice the size she was, and my father now struts around with a recently-acquired pot-belly. The other pages contain photographs of my brothers, sister, and myself, in various stages of growth. I look at a photograph of myself as a baby. It is quite unbelievable that the naked blob of flesh, couldve been me at one time. How things have changed, and how I have grown. Also, you would not be able to photograph me naked any longer. Other photographs of my family, remind me of memorable times. One picture of me with a toy car brings back memories of the happiness I felt, when my father bought me the car. I spent many happy hours just playing with it. In fact, I still have the car somewhere under my bed. It is still in serviceable condition, so I shall have to get it out and cleaned. There is also a picture of me in front of a blackboard, after I have written my name on it for the first time in my life. The words are legible, but my handwriting was terrible. Anyway, it was the beginning. I can say that my handwriting has improved, many times over. Pictures of the cars my father once owned are my favourites. They remind me of the cars we used to travel in. It never fails to amaze me how the shapes and designs of the cars, have changed over the years. What I imagined to be the latest in those bygone years, certainly look silly when I look at the photographs now. Another obvious thing that has changed with time is fashion. My father actually used to wear bell-bottom trousers, something you do not see nowadays. Who knows, it might become fashionable again in the future. As I turn more of the pages of the album, I get closer to the present. So there are pictures of me from just a year or so, ago. I do not look so different from then. My family members look about the same too. Perhaps, if I were to look at the album again, many years from now I will notice the changes. The future seems far away, but I notice that time can really fly. I was a baby once, and now I am on the verge of leaving school. One thing I now, is that anytime I want to have a look at how I was once, I only have to dig out the album and open the pages, for a trip to the past.

McDonalds Company and Jan Fields Role in It

Introduction Jan Fields is the Executive Vice President (EVP) and Chief Operating Officer (COO) of McDonald’s USA where she is in charge of the strategic decision and the overall business results of over 14,000 McDonald’s restaurants based in the United States.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on McDonald’s Company and Jan Fields Role in It specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Jan Fields, a military wife, started her career at McDonald’s in 1978 at the age of 22 flipping burgers at one of the many McDonald’s restaurants established in the US. Since then she rose through the ranks by working at the various levels and positions of the company. Before her current location, Fields worked as the president of McDonald’s Central Division where she oversaw the operations of more than 4,400 restaurants in the United States. Her elevated status now requires her to manage the daily activities of over 14,000 fast food restaurants operated by the retail giant (Success Magazine, 2009). Background of her Career With no college degree or any job qualifications and experience, Jan Fields made a fateful stop for a drink inside a McDonald’s restaurant in Dayton, Ohio as she was on her way for an interview. She spotted the hiring sign for crewmembers and decided to apply as she preferred the flexible work hours the restaurant was offering its employees. Fields applied immediately for the job and succeeded in the interview preceding her secretarial job interview. After her first day at work, she was overcome with emotion and lamented to her husband that she was not able to do the job because it was too hard.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reason for this was that the restaurant had many rules on how to make French fries which made them dist inguishable from other French fries sold by competing companies such as KFC (Hartman et al., 2009). Fields eventually decided to endure the hard working conditions in the restaurant by returning there the next day to work at the front counter. It was while she was serving customers that Fields realized she loved her job. This enabled her to advance towards the various positions within the company as well as the various tiers of management. She was able to progress from being a crewmember to a fry chief and then to every restaurant-level position within the company. Fields were able to manage the Dayton restaurant in Ohio for more than two years before she moved up again to manage multiple restaurants in the larger area of the United States (Hartman et al., 2009). During her journey to the top, Fields held to her work ethics and philosophy where she focused all her strength and ability on the current job she held instead of concentrating all her efforts on receiving promotions. She e xplained her philosophy by stating that if an employee focuses on their existing job by placing a lot of effort on the performance of the job thereby doing it better than other employees; then their advancement to the next position within the organization would come at a much faster and easier rate. Fields noted that recognition within McDonald’s was easily rewarded for employees who performed their work duties at their best possible work effort.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on McDonald’s Company and Jan Fields Role in It specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She, therefore, attributed her career success to performing her work duties exceptionally well and not focusing on getting another job within McDonald’s (Success Magazine, 2009). Career Advancement Since her humble beginning as a crew member at the McDonald’s restaurant in Dayton, Fields has worked for the company for over 28 years in the span of which she has become a senior vice president for the Central Division as well as a senior vice president for the Southeast Division of the company. Currently, she is one of the six executive vice presidents at McDonald’s and she attributes this success to her ability to deal with limitations and obstacles during her work. Her work ethics and philosophy of not letting situations or people get in her way has enabled to achieve career progression within McDonald’s. She was also the regional vice president of the Pittsburg region in the United States before she moved to the role of senior vice president in the Central Division (McDonald’s, 2011). As a senior vice president, her work duties involved visiting various fast-food restaurants operated by McDonald’s in almost half of the country. At some point in executing her duties, she moved around with a stopwatch in her car to time the drive-through lanes in various fast food restaurants t o determine the pace of service as well as the quality of food being served to customers.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fields were able to advance from the position of senior vice president for the Central Division to be the chief operating officer and executive vice president of McDonald’s, a job that would require her to oversee the duties and responsibilities of over 800,000 employees working for McDonald’s. Apart from being the executive vice president and chief operating officer at McDonald’s, Fields serves as a board of member for the Ronald McDonald House Charities, the Chicago Urban League and the United Cerebral Palsy Organization (McDonald’s, 2011). Honorary Awards and Achievements Jan Fields has been honored with many awards throughout her entire career with the first award being the President’s Award which she received in 1988 for being an outstanding employee of the Company. She was also a recipient of the McDonald’s Golden Arch Partners Award in the same year for exemplary service and achieving considerable results in strategic initiatives with in the company. In 2001, she was honored with the McDonald’s Women Operators Network Recognition Award while the following year she was honored with the Women’s Leadership Award for her ability to serve in various managerial positions within McDonald’s (Businessweek, 2011). One of her major work achievements has been that of being a longtime advocate for people development within the company where she has actively participated in employee mentoring and diversity programs. She has also held the position of an executive sponsor for the Career Development program within McDonald’s where she mentors employees on the various career progression alternatives they have for progressing within McDonald’s. As an executive sponsor, she has been able to speak in many diversity network meetings that are meant to support diversity in the workplace. Fields is also a member of the Chicago Network which is an organization for professional women occupying high seats in the business, art, academic or government industries (McDonald’s, 2011). Her career progression and achievements have made a notable mark on the rest of the world with Forbes magazine ranking her as one of the 100 most powerful women in America during the 2008 and 2009 edition (Forbes, 2010). Fortune magazine also ranked her amongst the 50 most powerful women in the world during the 2007, 2008 and 2009 Fortune lists (Fortune, 2011). Fields were also ranked by the Wall Street Journal as one of the 50 women to watch for the 2007 list. References Businessweek (2011). McDonald’s Corp. Web. Forbes. (2010). Janice L. Fields. Web. Fortune (2011). 50 most powerful women. Web. Hartman, L., Sheehan, J., and Mead, E., (2008). Started as a crew: Jan Fields and  McDonald’s. Case Study No. UVA-E-0308. Charlottesville, US: Darden Business publishing. McDonald’s (2011). Jan Fields. Web. Success Magazine (2009). From fry to COO: McDonald’s Janice Fields says  focusing on her job, not obstacles, paved her way to success. Web. This research paper on McDonald’s Company and Jan Fields Role in It was written and submitted by user Leslie Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Alkenes Essays

Chemistry Alkanes/Alkenes Essays Chemistry Alkanes/Alkenes Essay Chemistry Alkanes/Alkenes Essay Experiment: Comparing reactivities of alkanes and alkenes Aim: To compare the reactivities of an alkane and an alkene with bromine water and a solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO4). Equipment: 4 test tubes Test-tube rack 4 pipettes Safety: safety glasses must be worn to prevent injury to the eyes. Ensure room is well ventilated whilst using the hydro carbons. Method: 1. Place 1 ml of sample A (cyclohexane) into a test tube containing 4 mls of the bromine water solution. Record observations of any reaction. 2. Place 1 ml of sample A (cyclohexane) into a test tube containing 4 mls of the potassium permanganate solution. Record observations of any reaction. 3. Place 1 ml of sample B (cyclohexene) into a test tube containing 4 mls of the bromine water solution. Record observations of any reaction. 4. Place 1 ml of sample B (cyclohexene) into a test tube containing 4 mls of the potassium permanganate solution. Record observations of any reaction. RESULTS SampleReaction with br2 waterReaction with acidified KMnO4Hydrocarbon (alkane/alkene) ANo reaction, both liquids immiscible, br2 water kept its yellow colourNo reaction, both liquids immiscible, KMnO4 solution kept its purple colourAlkane BBoth liquids reacted, causing 2 immiscible transparent liquidsBoth liquids reacted, causing the KMnO4 solution to change to a brownie red colourAlkene Analysis: The positive reaction in the experiment was the reaction between the alkene (cyclohexene) and both the bromine water and the potassium permanganate solution. Below is a balanced structural formula for the reaction between cyclohexene and the bromine water:

Promote Your Writing On Facebook

Promote Your Writing On Facebook Promote Your Writing On Facebook Promote Your Writing On Facebook By Guest Author This is a guest post by Lela Davidson. If you want to write for Daily Writing Tips check the guidelines here. Love it, hate it, or tolerate it, Facebook is here, maybe not to stay- because nothing is changing faster than media- but it’s here now. Facebook is an important way to reach readers and network with clients, fellow writers, and editors. I use Facebook every day to engage readers (and potential readers), and to network with those who can help me reach more readers. Through significant daily interactions, ‘branded’ messages, and posting links to my work, I hope to build that all important ‘platform’ we someday-to-be-bestsellers need. A Short History of a Reluctant Facebook Junkie I opened my Facebook account under duress. A client required links from a Facebook profile to the blog posts I’d written. I’d already tried (and given up on) social bookmarking sites like Digg and Stumble and I resented the extra time it took to pimp my posts. I wanted to be a writer, not waste time working the system of you-click-my-link-I’ll-click-yours. However, in the short time the assignment lasted, I got hooked on Facebook. Interacting With Readers and Others Chatting up old friends on Facebook was training for how I use it now, which is more strategic, but not too different. I’ve branched out from my ‘real’ friends, embracing the concept of â€Å"Facebook Friends,† who may or may not be people I actually know IRL (in real life- do the kids still say that?). The decision about what to share and with whom is the biggest challenge for writers wanting to use Facebook for professional networking. For me it has been a seamless transition from my friends, to their friends, and beyond because most of what I write is personal. If I’m writing about the hair balls in my bathroom for a magazine essay, I don’t mind telling you about them in my status bar. Facebook allows me to engage readers and convert would-be readers, by giving them a preview of my longer writing. Keeping Your Distance If you don’t want to get too personal with readers you set up a Page, which is different from a Profile. Readers can become fans of your page and this fan status shows up in the information section of their profiles. Interaction from a page is limited, but it’s better than nothing. In addition to frequent status updates, it’s also extremely important to comment on your Facebook Friends’ status and links. This is interactive media. If all you do is talk about yourself, eventually no one will listen. Developing a Platform Both established and aspiring writers need a platform in order to sell their work. In Get Known Before the Book Deal, author Christina Katz defines platform as: . . . all the ways you are visible and appealing to your future, potential, or actual readership. Katz emphasizes that platform development is important not only for authors, but also for aspiring and soon-to-be authors. Interaction with your Facebook Friends builds the foundation of your relationship so that when you post a link, they may read it or pass it along via the Share function of Facebook. This lets every one of their Facebook Friends know that 1) it exists, and 2) they think it’s cool enough to be associated with. And Finally, Posting Those Links Wherever you are in your writing career, you have a core fan base of people who like what you write because they like you- family, friends, neighbors. Even my ‘real’ friends who aren’t interested in my writing are still interested in me. Maybe their friends and family might like what I’m writing. Facebook is the easiest way for them to share my stuff. The more I interact with them the more they are likely to find something they like. When that happens, the spread can be viral. I hope. It’s important to note that links are different from status updates. They don’t show up in your status bar, and unless they get a lot of Likes (thumbs up) or comments, they may not show up in your Facebook Friends’ news feeds either. I don’t feel like I’m pestering people with my links if I occasionally post more than one in a day. Also, when I’m commenting on someone else’s status, sometimes it’s natural to include a link. For example, I write a lot on family topics so whenever someone posts a status about their kid losing a tooth, I’ll comment with a link to an essay I wrote about the inflation of Tooth Fairy payouts. Friending Editors and Fanning Magazines As my essays have started to get picked up in more print magazines, I try to Friend the editors and become a Fan of the magazine’s website. (Sorry, fellow DWT guest author, but Friending and Fanning are verbs.) A lot of print magazines publish online versions. When the piece runs, I post a link, as well as thanking and tagging the editor in my status update. Before an editor has bought something of mine, we can connect as Facebook Friends. Though we may never meet in person, Facebook savvy gives me an edge over the hundreds of other writers hitting the inbox. Many of those editors use the same email on Facebook as they do for submissions, so I use Facebook’s automated ‘Find Friends’ utility to identify them. When it comes to social media there are no experts. So jump in- from wherever you are- and play. That’s what I did. Facebook has expanded my reach, helped build my ‘platform’, and put me in direct contact with readers, clients, and editors. It can do the same for you. Lela Davidson’s award-winning column, After the Bubbly, appears regularly in Peekaboo magazine, and periodically in other magazines throughout the country. She is the parenting columnist on HubPages and a regular contributor to ParentingSquad. Find out more on her wildly entertaining blog. Or just Google her. She loves to be Googled.    Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsHow Long Should a Paragraph Be?Mankind vs. Humankind

Strategic Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Marketing Management - Essay Example The research could be casual, descriptive or exploratory in nature according to the needs of the organization. After the analysis is done the organization can move on to developing a viable, long term strategy for the organizations’ marketing efforts. The main focus of the strategy is to allow for segmentation and targeting of the desired customer base and deciding on the value proposition that they would be offered in return for becoming their customers. The basic challenge of strategic marketing is, therefore, to manage marketing intricacy, customer and stakeholder expectations and to reconcile with the effects of a varying atmosphere in the context of certain resource availabilities. Strategic Marketing enthusiasts often adopt management concepts to their unique needs. As the basic purpose of both management and marketing is to explore the relationships an industry or organization has with its environment, some of the widely used management tools and frameworks have been ad opted for the marketing process. These would include the industry analysis techniques of Porter and the portfolio matrices (Fahy, Smithee, 1999, p1). Strategic Marketing Management is a field of study in which due consideration is given to understanding the different parts of the marketing strategy and their integration framework for defining and evolving the market which ultimately helps the marketing manager into transforming concepts and theories into practical strategies and action plans for any organization. In Strategic Marketing Management the focus is on the ‘3 Cs’ of the external environment. The competitors, customers and the channel form the three pronged focus of the firms efforts. By searching and providing better solutions to their customers needs and to cater to their demands is the first step for any the organization in designing a product and related marketing strategy. The competitors are important because ultimately they will impact the consumers buyi ng decision and the overall industry profitability, the strategy has to be such as to differentiate and better the position of the company in the eyes of the consumer from the competitor. Finally, the channel or the supplier side of the equation deals with the processes of manufacturing or producing a good for the market and the people that will have to be dealt with during it all. An organization has to be on the lookout for any opportunities or threats which exist because of changes in the 3 Cs environments, and their marketing strategy has to be strong and flexible enough to adept to these changes in a beneficial way. Like any other process, marketing is also subject to the changes in the technological, lifestyle, social and economical trends. Even more so because marketing, ultimately, is designed to and catered for the needs and wants of the people and these depend largely on the time frame and environmental and psychological factors. In the 21st century there are some trends w hich have slowly become a stronghold in of the modern markets and for the prudent organizations, their strategy has to be managed to accommodate these trends. There is a cynicism prevalent in today’s consumer which makes them check and double check the claims that a company is making about their product or service. They are self conscious about the decisions they make, ethically motivated, passionate about eco friendly practices and generally more

Space Age Furniture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Space Age Furniture - Term Paper Example 3079) which needs machining on a particular lathe equipment applied for the making of that special part only. Ed Szewczak, an able and experienced machinist is in charge of this special lathe machine. Once the lathe gets started it can run on its won without being attended by someone. However it is necessary for the machinist to be present during the operations of any machine, including the lathe. Recently it has become essential for Ed to opt for overtime in order to finish producing the part 3079 on time. Due to the increased overload, Ed has become unhappy and this news has been communicated to the operations manager, Coral Snodgrass. Coral has been finding solutions to solve the overtime issue. Recently the company started using an MRP system which has helped it in reducing the inventories and improving the timing of the deliveries. There are two different sub-assemblies where the part 3079 is used and the lathe machines are used for producing both the sub-assemblies of Saturn an d Gemini. Ed Szewczak is supposed to get a 50% additional payment for the overtime work. Thus the whole scenario has got certain advantages and certain disadvantages which when studied carefully provide a framework for the better functioning of the organization. Questions & Answers 1. ... Overtime is expensive and the variation between a profitable week and a losing week is represented by overtime. If the demand is constantly surpassing the facility, then Coral can consider either adding more employees or adding more facilities. While taking this step, he should attempt to improve the efficiency of the plant by eliminating waste and dropping bottlenecks. Whenever measures are taken to remove overtime, either by increasing capacity or improving efficiency, it is necessary to understand the consequence of such a step on the employees. As in this case the overtime is not consistent, therefore extreme measures are not required; however Coral should be conscious of when the overtime is taking place which will help him to recognize the grounds for overtime. There is an alternative way-out that can be applied instead of adding more people to the organization which is outsourcing the jobs and getting things done away from the workplace. This would of course incur more expense s but it would reduce the costs of material consumption, overhead costs, labor costs, electricity consumption and other related expenditures. Therefore in simple terms it can be concluded that Coral can either add more people to the company or add more machinery to the organization or a third option is there where he can include an additional shift between the regular shifts. These steps would be helpful in reducing the workload on Ed. 2. How would reducing the minimum quantity of subassemblies help? The Saturn and Gemini tables are made up of part 3079 which is exclusively manufactured by the lathe machine and the lathe machine is not used for any other purpose. Also the part

BTEC Business Essay Example for Free

BTEC Business Essay Shell is a multinational oil and gas company with around 87.000 employees in more than 70 countries. It is one of the world’s most valuable companies. Shell was started by Marcus Samuel back in 1833, he was a shopkeeper in London. In 1907 they merged with The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company. 1.1.11.1.2 Having a lot of offices/petrol stations all around the world makes them a global business and it’s a private business because it’s not owned by the government. Their goal is to make more money than they spend, so Shell is a profit business. Shell is in all three sectors because they dig oil (Primary Sector, they produce the oil (Secondary Sector, and lastly they sell it as well at their petrol stations. Their products are mostly oil and gas but they also have services for example, you can fill your tires with air, you can use their hoover or make use of their carwash. 1.1.3 Shell is a PLC so the liability for debts is on the company. To be considered a PLC you’re business is probably formed and owned by shareholders. Other shareholders can buy their stock quite easily. They have a lot of shareholders. As a shareholder of Shell you aren’t responsible for the debts, may the company go bankrupt. Unicef Unicef which stands for United Nations International Children’s Emergency is a massive organisation that tries to help children all over the world, not only to have an education but to protect child’s right in overall. 1.2.11.2.2 Unicef has offices all over the world, it’s a global organisation. Almost every country has an office from Unicef. The Government helps for two third of the organisation’s funds and the other part is from the millions of people that supports Unicef which makes it for the bigger part a public organisation. It’s a non-profit organisation, because they don’t want to make a lot of money for themselves but to raise money to help the children  who for example can’t go to school because they don’t have the money for it or even because they don’t have schools at that place. Unicef is subjected in the tertiary sector because they serve services to help the children. 1.2.3 It’s a Charity Partnership, as a charity you have to register and must produce annual accounts that are available to be viewed. P2 Stakeholders of Shell 2.12.2 A stakeholder is anyone that has an interest or is affected by a corporation. 1.Customers: The customers are the one who buy or uses the products and services of Shell. They want shell to have the best oil, gas and services so that what they pay for those things are worth their money. -Shell wants the customer to keep coming back to them, because without the customers Shell wouldn’t earn any money. 2.Employees: The employees are the one who works for Shell. They want to have the security of being employed, getting paid and also the opportunity for promotions. Shell wants the Employees to do their best because they are kind of representing Shell. For example, if they are rude to customers then the customers may not come back to Shell because of that. 3.The shareholders: The shareholders are the one who owns a part of Shell. The shareholders want to see their share of profit to increase. Shell wants them to increase the money. 4.Trade Unions: Trade Unions represent the interest of groups of employees. With the trade unions employees want to accomplish their interest like get higher wages. Shell wants to find out the interest of groups of the employees so they can improve it and keep their employees happy. 5.Local And National Communities: Local and National Communities are the ones who represent Shell. Shell has pipelines in Nigeria which can be very dangerous and cause local pollution, therefore community leaders represent important interest groups. Shell wants them to represent Shell positively. 6.Suppliers: Suppliers are people who provides Shell’s products. (For example the things they sell at they’re petrol stations, not the oil/gas as they produce that themselves.) They want to feel valued by Shell and they want steady orders and to be paid at their worth. Shell wants the suppliers to deliver the right orders and that the products are in best condition. 2.32.4 Stakeholders of Unicef 1.Staff members: Staff members ensures that everything is going smoothly, both in offices and on field. They want to see the results while being in field, for example, to see the kids go to the school they have built. Unicef wants the staff members to do their best and see the best results. 2.Goodwill Ambassadors and Advocates: Goodwill Ambassadors and Advocates are celebrities that funds Unicef. They want to use their fame positively and help as many kids as they can with their money. Unicef gets more known because of those celebrities. With their help people acknowledge their campaign. Plus, they are good volunteers with enough money. 3.Young Leaders: Young Leaders are young adults or teens that are helping out with the campaign as well. Young leaders wants to help out children or teens that are maybe just a few years older than them, sometimes because they feel bad for those children. They have it better so they want to help out. Having young leaders in the team is a positive outcome because this motivates others from the same age to do something to help children out, too. 4.Teachers: Volunteers that want to teach children in for example Africa. -Teachers wants to volunteer so they feel good about themselves helping the children to get better education or just an education at all. They want to be send off in a secure place, though. And not in, for example, a war zone. Unicef needs Teachers because otherwise building schools are no help at all if there’s no one to teach those children something. 5.Suppliers: Those are the ones who supplies the school books etc. They want to feel valued by Unicef and wants clear orders from them. Unicef wants the suppliers to deliver the orders to be in good quality and to be delivered on time. 6.People who gives their contribution to the collectors:  They give money to the collectors to help out. For example, they want to think they helped out building that school in Africa. Unicef need those people to help out to get more money so they can help out more. P3 Organisational Chart of Shell 5.1 Shell is organized by function, geographical areas, product groups and type of customers. Shell’s functions are divided in three groupings: Upstream, Downstream and Projects Technology. Upstream manages the manufacturing and search crude oil and natural gas. Downstream also manages the manufacturing and are responsible for the marketing department. Projects Technology does the research and projects for new products. Shell is, as mentioned before, a global company, having offices all over the world. The Upstream only is already divided in Upstream Americas (for Americas), Upstream International (for Europe, Asia/Middle East/Russia, Oceania and Africa. This is because it can function better and they can focus within that country/continent. They can focus on the culture and interest within that country/continent. They are also organized by products as you can see above. They are divided by gas, fuels and lubricants and chemical products. This way each group can specialize in their own product and make it better. Shell has a lot of customers, like the one who drives daily to and from their work or a big airplane company or the F1 team. They use different products or amount of products, so Shell organized it this way that the airplane company gets a different price than a normal man who drives daily to and from their work. 5.2 My Royal Dutch Shell would look at the amount of profit they made the year before. How much oil and gas they posses and there is on earth. We’ll look at how much we sell our products and how much our variable costs are and if we can make our variable costs less and our prices higher. Would we lose customers if we do that or not? We will do an internal researches for how much oil there still is on earth. With this information we can go further with our strategic plan. If the oil is decreasing for example, we will look  for alternative solution. Shell will look for what’s going on in each country. For example, everyone is really busy with being environmentally conscious, so we’ll think of a way other than greenpeace to show that we are not too bad for the environment. We will look at how the economy is growing or deflating. If it’s growing we can make the price higher, and if it’s deflating we don’t necessarily need to put the prices lower as Shell’s product is something that everyone constantly need. (Oil) Looking at what the concurrent position, at how they are doing is also something to consider. Organisational Chart of Unicef 5.3 Unicef is divided by directors. They have the executive Director who is in charge of the whole organisation. And other directors that are in charge of for example the Human Resources or the supplies. So Unicef is organized by function. Unicef has different regional directors. For example, there’s the Dutch Unicef Director, or the UK Unicef Director. . Working a lot on field (different countries) it’s easier to have regional offices. This makes Unicef function better as Unicef represent itself in 190 countries, each country with different values. So each country director/manager can focus on how to reach the people Unicef is also organized by geographical areas. Unicef focuses on different type of ‘products’ which are actually the different services. Although all is about children, the subjects are different. They have child survival and development, Basic education and gender equality, Children and HIV/AIDS and Child protection. They divided those subjects so they can specialise more and give the help that the child needs better. They also sell small things, kind of reminds me of souvenirs, the profit they make from these goes to the campaign funds. 5.4 Unicef will look at how they’ve succeeded at their projects so far, how many donations they get each year, how many members/volunteer they’ve got and what their next step needs to be depends on what is going on with the people around the countries they help or even which country they’ll need to help next. Once they have all those information, they’ll look at how they can  get more projects. To get more projects done, they’ll do more research so that they can give people more and more information and can attract more people to help them out. Unicef should show on the media what they’ve achieve so far and that the money people donate are really helping out. This way we’ll get more donation, so more profit to finish projects. P4 Fulfilling The Purpose of Shell 6.1 Shell’s purpose is to make as much profit as they can. Being organized by function they can put people who are specialised by those functions and make their product even better. The geographical structure helps to get to know what they need to do to get the attention of each country. Because each country has different laws, values and culture they can do their research way better if each group specialised in one specific country. Shell can make their advertisement focused on each country. Focusing on the different customers they can make special offers for different customers. Making these offers they can make sure that the customer will come back to them and can cause word to word advertisement. Splitting up different products types helps customers to know where to find what when they come to buy products from shell. Having different products means they need to make sure everything is from the same quality, the best quality. So by dividing their products and putting people who specialised on those product they know they have the best quality. Which will make customer come back to them. To be structured good, Shell uses the chain of command. It helps shell to make sure that they get the tasks that you need to do and that it doesn’t go to a different department. Fulfilling The Purpose of Unicef 6.2 Unicef’s purpose is to help as much children in need as they can. Being geographical organized helps them to fulfil their purpose because this way they can focus on what each country needs. For example, one country needs more school instead of help with HIV/AIDS. Focusing on different product type helps as well. This way, people knows exactly for what they are donating. Same as Shell, Unicef uses the chain of command so that people get the right tasks. Using Goodwill Ambassador helps them achieve their purposes, too. For example, having Selena Gomez as an ambassador is great help for them in the media. She’s really big in the entertainment industries and is a role model for a lot of teens and young adults all over the world. She indirectly advertises Unicef when she tweets or talks about how she’s an ambassador. Having different directors for each function helps as well as they can specialise on what they are doing in that sector. They can give the people ‘underneath’ them better instructions.

History as the Key to Unlock the Future in Omeros:Philoctete’s Healing, Achille’s Completion, and the Narrator’s Inspiration :: Omeros

History as the Key to Unlock the Future in Omeros:Philoctete’s Healing, Achille’s Completion, and the Narrator’s Inspiration â€Å"Time is the metre, memory the only plot† (129) Derek Walcott forced the literary world to disagree with him when he denied that Omeros was an epic. Some critics suggest that, like his narrator, Walcott is not sure where his work belongs. Others suggest that Walcott denies its obvious genre in order to avoid being categorized. Regardless, Derek Walcott repeatedly says that the purpose of his writing is to wrestle with the duality within himself and that of the Caribbean islands, specifically St. Lucia. Despite occasionally downplaying the significance of any existence, Walcott utilizes a history/ time motif to explore history’s importance in forging an identity and the future (Bloom 135). Set in St. Lucia, Walcott’s Omeros reveals an island possessing a rich past. St. Lucia, a former colony, has a history of ‘pagan’ religion and tradition, a different language, and an economic background based namely on fishing. Locals must try to reconcile their heritage prior to colonization, the influences of colonization, and how to create a new culture from the ashes of the others (Hogan 17). Through most of, if not the entire epic, the island is related to a woman. At times the references are general and at times they refer specifically to Helen. These references take many forms including a nurturing nature and physical attributes. The significance of relating the island to a woman lies in a somewhat matriarchal past where women would hold the secrets to healing and have a close link to the intrinsic nature of the island. This is in contrast to the men, who are all in search of something, and while closely linked with the island, they shy away from tradition – cutting down trees, turning from the old gods, focusing on tourism and money. Characters like Philoctete and Achille try to reconcile their knowledge of the old traditions with the new island, where tourism becomes a staple, as does the Christian religion. Others, including the Narrator, search for a place to belong. In the opening of the epic poem, Philoctete recounts to tourists the chopping down of a sacred grove of trees for canoes, replacing the old gods and values with a new God and varying values. This replacement, or at least shift, of the old with/ to the new runs throughout the epic following most, if not all, characters, each possessing a wound, which only heals upon some sort of reconciliation.

Public Communication Essay

Unlike many of the other writing assignments done thus far, this paper will be providing brief synopses for several essays on issues involved with the study of public management. Although it might be possible to state that the ideas and theories presented in these texts are either true or false, it will be the goal of this writing to take the simple approach and focus on the thoughts that are presented are still relevant in modern practice of public management. However, it is first important to point out that even today there is no aggregated view for weighing or measuring the success of public managers. This is because in part due to the various ways in which the agencies manage themselves, for example whether or not they chose to follow national performance review (NRP) response or a total quality management (TQM) method. Another problem is that often times today a management policy that has been set up and successfully tested for the private sector is either grafted to the, or imposed over the management policies of a public enterprise. The issue that this brings up is that, depending on the agency, that there is no clear idea on who the ‘customers’ are, nor what ‘product’ is that the public agency is trying to appease. Meanwhile, the management theories that are being imposed on to them, are based on a quantifiable examination as to rather they are successful or not. Simply put, there is no easy or standard way for researchers of the field of public administration to be able to clearly differentiate between the successful management styles of one public administrator to another. In fact, researching this problem is the very thing that our first author is calling for in his essay. Graham T. Allison attempts with his article, â€Å"Public and Private Management: Are They Fundamentally Alike in All Unimportant Respects? † to both collective and summarize the prevailing ideas on public management at the time (1979). In addition, he highlights several areas in which the academic thinkers were struggling with and arguing over. Allison point out everything from the similarities of â€Å"How are Public and Private Management Alike? ,† to charting out the functions of general management, and to the ‘current’ research being done to answer several questions that these topics have been brought up since Woodrow Wilson now canonized first article on the subject (1979,p 397) (1887). Allison’s call for research in this field is still greatly needed and sought after today as we shift from one management style to another, seemingly distinctive, in today’s public agencies. One example of the reason that this research is needed can be found in comparing the resent style swing to the NPR, from the more ‘traditional’ management style outlines in Louis Brownlow, Charles E. Merriam, and Luther Gulick essay, â€Å"Report of the President’s Committee on Administrative Management† (1937). In their essay, they were working under the assumption that the management side of public administration could be, and was, separate from the political decisions and policies that directs the public service sector. Under this assumption, they crusaded for more power and control over the public management process, on the behave of the executive branch. Some of their ideas included allowing the president to hire powerless, sector concentrated, secretaries that would assist the president with gather necessary information from the public bureaus under their area of concern and to pass back the decisions that the president makes back to the effected agencies. These authors go on further to state that all major decisions on the functions of personnel, fiscal, organizational, and planning management should be given directly to the sole control of the president (1937, p 94). The first problem is that fiscal management falls under the authority of the congressional branch of government. In addition, with the shifting towards NPR, and other acts of congress, we see congress taking a greater role in the personnel management of public administration. The biggest fallacy in this article is the assumption, that the management of public departments is separated from the politics and decisions that are made in Washington. In fact, everything about the various departments falls under the control of the very people who the authors are trying to separate them from. Now with a slight deviation from the previous topics on public management, let us take a look at the trend in public administration that involves the movement of bringing traditionally public sector jobs into the private sector. The Privatization Movement, once simply a group of scholarly outsiders, has come of age† (1987, p 469). Our look into privatization will be through the work done by, Ronald C. Moe and his essay, â€Å"Exploring the Limits of Privatization† (1987). Moe’s essay explores several cases like McCulloch v. Maryland, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), and the entities like ‘Freddie Mac’ that fall under the Federal Home Bank Board, to point out the various issues that are involved with the privatization of public offices. While the issues range rom the organizational and budgeting management, to the legal and authority problems that these privatized companies face, Ronald Moe hones in on the latter two issues as to the reasons why privatization will not work with the public sector. The government of the United States has the right, as a sovereign power, to impose taxes, fines, and laws on its citizens. The issue that Moe in concern with is does this, and should this sovereignty be passed along to a governmental contracted company that does not necessarily fall directly under the direct control of the government? Moe listed several attributes that are inherent to a sovereign government to help his claim; these, summarized attributes are, sovereign possesses the legitimate right to use coercion to enforce its will, â€Å"only a sovereign may legitimately go to war with another sovereign,† â€Å"sovereigns can do no wrong,† â€Å"a sovereign is indivisible. A sovereign cannot assign its attributes to a private party and remain a sovereign,† a sovereign has the right to set forth rules for the protection and transfer of property, and finally a sovereign can disavow but not go bankrupt with its debts. (1987, pp 473 – 474). The turn of the century fall of ‘Freddie Mac’ and other banks and the subsequent ‘bail-out† of these privatized firms would be an example of a major problem with the concept of privatization of a public sector firm. Are these banks private property and therefore fall under the state and federal rules for bankruptcy? or are do they belong to the public sector and fall under the attribute that protects the government from going bankrupt? Moe correctly claims that by not specifying where this very fine line fells leads to the kinds of corruption and miss-appropriation of public funds that we saw with the resent collapse of the housing market. Finally, he calls for a review to be done on identifying the differences between the private sector and the public sector firms before contracting our government duties to a private interest. However, this involves assigning some sort of value to the how the public service works, which is the topic of the next article. In his essay, â€Å"Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government† Mark H. Moore discusses the problems in nailing down a single method of measuring the output of public managers and their agencies (1995). One of these problems is as simple as the fact that public agencies are involved in not one public program, but instead they are usually involved in several different programs that may or may not intersect with one another. This being the case, than why not just take the average? Because these programs, like the money that is used to fund them, are designed and supplied by not the managers themselves, like you would see in a private venture, but rather, these things are handed to them by the political process and the managers are there simply to see that the job gets done. In the private sector, one can use the financial success of a firm to determine if the manager for that firm is successful or not. For example, if their product has value to it than the customer will buy it and the company will show a profit (1995, p 549). However, since the ‘customers’ of many of the public agency are either compelled to use, and/or they do not pay for the service at the time of use, than this type of assessment is not a valid way to judge the value of the public management styles, nor are they very useful for analyzing the programs themselves. According to Moore, often what is done is that some type of cost-benefit analyses is done either before and/or after the program is started and this information is then compared to a similar service in the private sector to determine the effectiveness of the management style. The two problems with this approach is that, first it only show the effect that the program that the political leadership has implemented and not that of the management itself, and second that comparing an often vague value system to a very finite one is not easy task. An analogy of this problem would be in using data from a 30 meter image and then merging the information with the visual effect of a 1 meter image. One might be able to get the information into the smaller image, but so much of the data is skewed and lost that it becomes worthless for any kind of analyses. The same thing happens with the data from this type of public sector analyses. You do not just get the effect of just the manager on the project; you also get the public officials that draft the project, the reaction by the public to the project, and the result of the project into one aggregated value set. This set of values is simply too diluted to be useful as a measurement against the values from the private sector. Instead, Moore suggests that research in a cost-effectiveness approach may be a solution to this problem (1995, p 553). All of these essays end up with the same major issue concerning measuring the successful public management style, from one that is not successful. In one form or another both Moore and Moe have called for research in finding some standard in analyzing the public sector. In any analysis standard, the effects that politics has in its creation cannot be ignored. If as Woodrow Wilson claim is true, and the goal of these public administrators is to find the most cost-effective and the most efficient method to implement the political oriented policies; then why not come up with a measurement on the efficiency and cost-effectiveness to be used for passing judgment on them?

What is the Vatican II?

Vatican II is the last ecumenical council that the Roman Catholic Church had. It is the only council that the Church organized for the past century up to now. Ecumenical councils are held every time the Church feels there are things to be settled within its institution. It is attended by Bishops around the world. Not to be mislead by its name, Vatican II is not a continuation of Vatican I; rather, it is a new council dedicated to resolving new issues. Since this council is held almost half a century ago, maybe it is about time for the Church to finally hold another one, not necessarily to settle new issues, but just to check the overall status of the Christian world, especially with the advent of stem cell research and the continuing issues of birth control. Besides, things today are definitely different from what they were forty or fifty years ago. The council of Vatican II focused on issues on liturgy, the Church, scripture and divine revelation, and the role of the Bishops. The council produced documents regarding these topics, plus twelve more topics that they discussed in the council. Contrary to the previous councils which were held primarily because of the rise of false teachings, the Vatican II did not focus on persecuting heretic teachings. Thus, this council is probably the first of its kind.

English as a Global Language

English as a Global Language In Shakespeares time, the number of English speakers in the world is thought to have been between five and seven million. According to linguist David Crystal, Between the end of the reign of Elizabeth I (1603) and the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth II (1952), this figure increased almost fiftyfold, to around 250 million (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2003). Its a common language used in international business, which makes it a popular second language for many. How Many Languages Are There? There are roughly 6,500 languages spoken in the world today. About 2,000 of them have fewer than 1,000 speakers. While the British empire did help spread the language globally its only the third most commonly spoken language in the world. Mandarin and Spanish are the two most commonly spoken languages on Earth.   From How Many Other Languages Has English Borrowed Words? English is jokingly referred to as a language thief because of it has incorporated words from over 350 other languages into it. The majority of these borrowed words are latin or from one of the Romance languages. How Many People in the World Today Speak English? Roughly 500 million people in the world are native English speakers. Another 510 million people speak English as a second language, which means that there are more people who speak English along with their native language than there are native English speakers. In How Many Countries Is English Taught as a Foreign Language? English is taught as a foreign language in over 100 countries. Its considered the language of business which makes it a popular choice for a second language. English language teachers are often paid very well in countries like China and Dubai. What Is the Most Widely Used English Word? The form OK or okay is probably the most intensively and widely used (and borrowed) word in the history of the language. Its many would-be etymologists have traced it variously to Cockney, French, Finnish, German, Greek, Norwegian, Scots, several African languages, and the Native American language Choctaw, as well as a number of personal names. All are imaginative feats without documentary support. (Tom McArthur, The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford University Press, 2002) How Many Countries in the World Have English as Their First Language? This is a complicated question, as the definition of first language differs from place to place, according to each country’s history and local circumstances. The following facts illustrate the complexities: Australia, Botswana, the Commonwealth Caribbean nations, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Ireland, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States have English as either a de facto or statutory official language. In Cameroon and Canada, English shares this status with French; and in the Nigerian states, English and the main local language are official. In Fiji, English is the official language with Fijian; in Lesotho with Sesotho; in Pakistan with Urdu; in the Philippines with Filipino; and in Swaziland with Siswati. In India, English is an associate official language (after Hindi), and in Singapore English is one of four statutory official languages. In South Africa, English [is] the main national language- but just one of eleven official languages. In all, English has official or special status in at least 75 countries (with a combined population of two billion people). It is estimated that one out of four people worldwide speak English with some degree of competence. (Penny Silva, Global English. AskOxford.com, 2009)

Breast Cancer Essay Example for Free (#3)

Breast Cancer Essay Is it true that wearing ‘underwired’ brassieres bring about cancer? Can breast cancer be treated? Are there signs and symptoms that individuals can check to know if breast cancer really occurs in them? These are just some of the essential questions that this paper will attempt to answer. It will also attain to reintroduce breast cancer’s definition, history of recovery, signs and causes, statistical information, diagnosis, breast cancer myths, risk factors, as well as, treatment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A 34-year-old woman, named Susan has been told by the family doctor that she has a breast cancer. When she asked about it, the doctor initially explained it as â€Å" a type of cancer that forms in tissues of the breasts, typically in the ducts or the areas where milk goes through till it reaches the nipple, as well as, the lobules or the glands which produces milk † (National.. n.p.). The doctor also told Susan that the aforementioned disease has been observed in Egypt way back in approximately 1600 BC (Wikipedia n.p.). Back then he stated that, â€Å" tumors of the breasts were addressed or treated by cauterization through an instrument they technically refer to as the fire drill though they openly admitted that there is no cure for such † (Wikipedia n.p.). The doctor also added that, centuries later experts found â€Å" a relationship between the lymph nodes found in the armpits and cancer of the breast, in fact, Jean Louis Petit and Benjamin Bell were the first ones to get rid of the lymph nodes, breast tissue, as well as, a primary muscle in the chest † (Wikipedia n.p.). The doctor, to make Susan stay calm, mentioned that such surgery has been very successful thus it was also done by William Halsted during the next century or 1882 to be exact, in fact, until the 1970’s, this procedure remained to be the most successful surgical procedure to address the aforementioned condition (Wikipedia n.p.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since Susan was complaining about the physical changes in her body that she observed prior to be being diagnosed as having breast cancer, the doctor also told her that the signs and symptoms of breast cancer include the following: First of all, if there is a lump in the breast then there is a possibility that a person has breast cancer (Mayo.. n.p.). Second, there is also a probability that breast cancer may occur if the nipple/s of an individual discharges blood and has a lump that goes along with it (Mayo.. n.p.). Third, there may be an occurrence of breast cancer if there exist a â€Å" retraction, flattening, or indentation of the nipple † (Mayo.. n.p.). Fourth, if the size of the breast and its contours changes, then it is possible that breast cancer is in existence (Mayo.. n.p.). Last but not least, redness of the skin on the breast area may signify breast cancer as well (Mayo.. n.p.). Upon hearing the aforementioned, Susan remembers that she mainly complained about sign & symptoms number one in the right breast, something she has been complaining about for about 16 months.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Susan has been feeling weird and a little scared and so she decided to look into medical and health magazines, internet sites, as well as, books to check if she is going to make it or not, if she’s going to die etcetera and here’s a statistical information that she stumbled upon: 1) â€Å" Deaths brought about by breast cancer already reached forty thousand four hundred sixty (40,460) for females and four hundred fifty for the males (450 )† (National.. n.p.); 2) â€Å" Unfortunately, there are new cases reported as well, there are one hundred seventy eight thousand four hundred eighty (178, 480) females and two thousand and thirty (2,030) males now who currently have breast cancer † (National.. n.p.). And the aforementioned is in the United States only (National.. n.p.); 3) â€Å"In the United Kingdom, on the other hand, twelve thousand four hundred (12,400) individuals or more die each year because of breast cancer† (National.. n.p.). In fact, in 2003 alone, there were forty three thousand and seven hundred fifty six women and there were three hundred thirty five (335) men who were diagnosed and reported to have breast cancer (National.. n.p.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During that time, Susan was also in denial that is why she researched on her own. She found out that: Breast cancer may be diagnosed through the following: 1) breast self-examination; 2) clinical breast exam; 3) mammogram including screening mammograms, diagnostic mammograms; 4) computer-aided detection; 5) digital mammography; 6) magnetic resonance imaging; 7) â€Å"ultrasonography†; 8) ductal lavage; 9) molecular breast imaging; 10) diagnostic procedures like ultrasound; 11) biopsy including fine-needle aspiration biopsy, core-needle biopsy, stereotactic biopsy, wire localization, surgical biopsy; 12) estrogen and progesterone receptor tests; 13) staging tests; and 14) genetic tests (Mayo.. n.p.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During this time, she was already prepared to believe that she really does not have breast cancer because she had a mammogram performed in March 1989 and again in February 1999, wherein, the results both showed that it is normal. Although, she had to try to accept it or at least entertain that it might be true when an ultrasound was also carried out where it was detected that a fibrocystic lump exists and that it was benign. After the detection of the fibrocystic lump, Susan began to reflect on her way of life, what could have caused the lump to exist inside of her body†¦she actually thought that it may be because of her use of deodorants, ‘underwired’ brassieres, stress from work, as well as, injury to the breasts which she got from playing basketball when she was in college and still a part of a varsity team. It is not very surprising that Susan thought of those as the primary reasons for the lump since there are so many myths that are related to breast cancer and some of the most popular ones are the following: First of all, some individuals claim that deodorants bring about breast cancer, however, currently, no studies have been carried out yet that may confirm or deny such belief of some people (Breast.. n.p.).   Second, some people think that wearing ‘underwired’ brassieres bring about cancer (Breast.. n.p.). Just like the first myth though, no evidence have been found to conclude such a statement (Breast.. n.p.). Third, there are individuals who think that stress can bring about breast cancer, however, research studies have not yet been able to establish an extremely clear link to conclude that such is really possible (Breast.. n.p.). Fourth, there are people who claim that â€Å" living near electricity pylons cause breast cancer † but no evidences have been presented ever since that breast cancer may be associated to electricity pylons (Breast.. n.p.).    Fifth, some individuals say that an injury to the breast augments the probability that breast cancer may occur (Breast.. n.p.). However, no evidences have been presented to back up such claim (Breast.. n.p.). Sixth, people claim that females who are young are more likely to be detected with breast cancer (Breast.. n.p.). Well, statistical information denies this, in fact, eighty percent of all the cases in the UK occur in females who are already fifty years old and above (Breast.. n.p.). Seventh, there are individuals who believe that if a person feels pain or discomfort in his or her breasts, then it is already safe to say that an individual is suffering from breast cancer (Breast.. n.p.). However, experts explain that there are so many reasons why breasts may be painful, for instance, this may be related to the menstrual cycle (Breast.. n.p.). Eighth, some people say that getting pregnant increases the probability of suffering from breast cancer later (Breast.. n.p.). On the contrary, experts have found evidence linking early pregnancy to breast cancer risk being reduced (Breast.. n.p.). They also reiterated that the more babies a woman gives birth to then the lower the risk of getting such cancer (Breast.. n.p.). In light of the detection of the lump, instead of getting more focused with the myths, Susan should have gotten a second opinion. If in case she did that, and the biopsy results will show that an â€Å" infiltrating lobular carcinoma † already exists and that it is already in stage IIa then a more extensive treatment would be provided to her. The aforementioned are really just myths, they were never provided with evidences to establish that those are really linked with breast cancer. Susan was told by her doctor that the main risk factors for breast cancer, actually, include the following: 1) age; 2) age of menarche; 3) age at birth of first-born child; 4) biopsies of the breast; 5) family history; 6) occupation; 7) race; 8) hormone replacement therapy, as well as, 9) alcohol (Hales 105). Susan is only thirty four years old, never had any children, used to engage herself in binge drinking during college, and an aunt of hers had breast cancer years ago. As we can see, most of the risk factors are present in Susan’s case. According to the experts Susan spoke to, â€Å" Breast cancer may be annihilated and for that to occur: 1) either lumpectomy or mastectomy should be carried out; 2) radiation may also be helpful; 3) drugs like taxol, taxotere, and herceptin may be taken; 4) chemotherapy; as well as, 5) hormonal therapy may be undergone by the patient † (Hales 105). Because her treatment options have been clearly explained to her, she decided to have a â€Å" right modified radical mastectomy † following a reconstruction immediately (Hales 105). During the surgery â€Å" eight lymph nodes were annihilated and the biopsy gave out a negative result † (Hales 105). After which Susan underwent chemotherapy as part of her post-surgical treatment which made her experience side effects including loss of hair and anorexia (Hales 105). Last but not least, she was also made to take in drugs named Cytoxan and prednisone (Hales 105). Breast Cancer Care. Statistics and Facts About Breast Cancer. 2004. Cancer Research, UK. Hales, D. An Invitation to Health, Eleventh Edition. Boston: Thomson Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Breast Cancer.   29 December 2006. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/breast-cancer/DS00328/DSECTION=2 National Cancer Institute. Breast Cancer. n.d. n.a. 15 June 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast Wikipedia. Breast Cancer. 14 June 2007. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 15 June 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#History Breast Cancer. (2017, Mar 14).

FUNDAMENTALS OF FINANCE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FUNDAMENTALS OF FINANCE - Assignment Example From the Table in 4(a), it is evident that the higher the portfolio’s expected returns, the higher the standard deviation. This also means that the higher the returns the higher the risk, hence the above discussed risk-return relationship holds for shares property and bonds. This relationship is also observed in the chart in 4(b), since, for example, the shares are moving more radically and their returns are the highest; and this trend holds even for property and bonds. The radical plunge in prices in the last quarter of 2008 is majorly attributable to the effect of the global financial crisis that occurred during that time. This decline in prices was a major indicator of the crisis, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in demand in the financial markets, as many people observed their retirement accounts water down (Bartram and Gordon, 2009; Dwyer and Paula, 2009 ). It is important that the investments are spread over a variety of assets like the fixed income, equities and cash. This is because each asset class perfoms differently from the others as a result of its unique balance of risks and rewards. Diversification calls for the need to know the security an investor needs. Therefore, diversification is where there is a need to spread each asset investment over different types of securities. Most importantly, an investors needs to know their risk profile so they decide how to allocate their assets, on the basis of risk-return relationship. From example, from 4(a), one can combine growth fund which is very risky, with conservative fund which is less risky – so that one can continue enjoying substantial returns and even in the event of a crisis one does not lose significantly (Kapur and Orszag, 1999). b. If your group had $50,000 to invest in a managed fund, which specific portfolio would you choose from those offered in Question 4? Justify your choice by including a reference to the characteristics of financial